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María Corina Machado

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In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Machado and the second or maternal family name is Parisca.

María Corina Machado
Machado in 2023
Member of the National Assembly
for Miranda
In office
5 January 2011 – 21 March 2014
Succeeded byRicardo Sánchez
Personal details
Born (1967-10-07) 7 October 1967 (age 57)
Caracas, Republic of Venezuela
Political partyVente Venezuela (2012–present)
Other political
affiliations		Unitary Platform
Democratic Unity Roundtable
Súmate (2001–2010)
Spouse
Ricardo Sosa Branger
​
​
(m. 1990; div. 2001)​
[citation needed]
Children3
EducationAndrés Bello Catholic University
Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Administración
Signature

María Corina Machado Parisca (born 7 October 1967) is a Venezuelan opposition politician and industrial engineer who served as an elected member of the National Assembly of Venezuela from 2011 to 2014. Machado entered politics in 2002 as the founder and leader of the vote-monitoring group Súmate,[1] alongside Alejandro Plaz.[2][3] In 2018, she was listed as one of BBC's 100 Women.[4][5] Machado is regarded as a leading figure of the Venezuelan opposition; the Nicolás Maduro government in Venezuela has banned Machado from leaving Venezuela.[5]

Machado was a candidate in the 2012 Venezuelan presidential election but lost the opposition primary to Henrique Capriles. During the 2014 Venezuelan protests, Machado was one of the lead figures in organizing protests against the government of Nicolás Maduro.[6] In 2019, amid the Venezuelan presidential crisis, she announced that she would launch a second presidential run if disputed interim President Juan Guaidó successfully called for an election; Guaidó was ultimately unsuccessful in his efforts.[7]

She was a precandidate for Vente Venezuela in the primary elections of the Unitary Platform of 2023, although on 30 June 2023 she was disqualified for fifteen years by the Comptroller General of Venezuela.[8] Her disqualification was confirmed by the Supreme Court of Justice of Venezuela in January 2024.[9] After winning the primary elections, Machado was declared the opposition candidate for the 2024 presidential elections,[10] though she was replaced by Corina Yoris on 22 March 2024. Yoris was prevented from registering as a candidate and was temporarily replaced by Edmundo González Urrutia.

On 1 August 2024, Machado published a letter in The Wall Street Journal, stating that she had gone in to hiding "fearing for my life, my freedom, and that of my fellow countrymen from the dictatorship of Nicolás Maduro".[11]

Early life and education

[edit]

Machado was born in Caracas, Venezuela, on 7 October 1967.[12] The oldest of four sisters, she is the daughter of Henrique Machado Zuloaga, a prominent steel businessman and Corina Parisca, a psychologist.[13][2][14] Her ancestors included Eduardo Blanco, the author of the 1881 classic Venezuela Heroica and a relative who was killed in an uprising against Venezuelan dictator Juan Vicente Gómez.[14]

Machado has a degree in industrial engineering from Andrés Bello Catholic University and a master's degree in finance from Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Administración (IESA, business school) in Caracas. She was also part of Yale University's World Fellows Program in 2009.[15][16][17]

In 1992, Machado—a mother of three children—started Fundación Atenea (Atenea Foundation), a foundation using private donations to care for orphaned and delinquent Caracas street children; she also served as chair of the Opportunitas Foundation.[16][17] After working in the auto industry in Valencia she moved in 1993 to Caracas.[2] Because of her role in Súmate, Machado left the foundation so that it would not be politicized.[16]

Súmate

[edit]
George W. Bush welcoming Machado to the Oval Office on 31 May 2005.

The founding of Venezuelan volunteer civil organization Súmate resulted from a hurried encounter between Machado and Alejandro Plaz in a hotel lobby in 2001, where they shared their concern about the course that was being shaped for Venezuela. Machado said: "Something clicked. I had this unsettling feeling that I could not stay at home and watch the country get polarized and collapse ... We had to keep the electoral process but change the course, to give Venezuelans the chance to count ourselves, to dissipate tensions before they built up. It was a choice of ballots over bullets."[2]

Súmate led a petition drive for the 2004 Venezuelan recall referendum of Hugo Chávez, then president of Venezuela. According to CBS News, Chávez branded the leaders of Súmate as conspirators, coup plotters, and lackeys of the U.S. government.[18] After the referendum, members of Súmate were charged with treason and conspiracy, under Article 132 of the Venezuelan Penal Code,[19] for receiving financial support for their activities from the National Endowment for Democracy (NED). In 2005, Machado faced conspiracy charge stemming from the $31,000 grant from the NED for "non-partisan educational work".[16] That same year, The New York Times said she was "the Venezuelan government's most detested adversary, a young woman with a quick wit and machine-gun-fast delivery who often appears in Washington or Madrid to denounce what she calls the erosion of democracy under President Hugo Chávez", and stated the Venezuelan government considers her "a member of a corrupt elite that is doing the bidding of the much reviled Bush administration".[14]

A U.S. Department of State spokesperson said the decision to prosecute her was "part of President Hugo Chávez's campaign ... aimed at frightening members of civil society and preventing them from exercising their democratic rights", adding that the George W. Bush administration was "seriously concerned" about the Supreme Tribunal of Justice's (TSJ) decision.[20] The criminal charges triggered condemnation from Human Rights Watch and democracy groups,[21][22] the U.S. Embassy in Venezuela,[23] and a coalition of world leaders.[24] Machado acknowledged the support of Venezuelans for Chávez, saying: "We have to recognize the positive things that have been done", but says that the president is "increasingly intolerant."[14]

Machado and Plaz were invited to meet with National Assembly legislators in August 2006 for an investigation about Súmate's funding but were denied access to the hearing, although they say they received two letters requesting their presence.[25] She also faced treason charges for signing the Carmona Decree during the 2002 Venezuelan coup attempt.[14][26] Machado said that she wrote her name on what she believed to be a sign-in sheet while visiting the presidential palace.[14][26] The charges carry a penalty of more than a decade in prison; the trial was suspended in February 2006 because of due process violations by the trial judge, and has been postponed.[27][28]

2011 presidential candidacy

[edit]

In 2011, Machado launched her candidacy for the 2012 Venezuelan presidential election.[3] The Los Angeles Times said that her name was raised as a potential candidate,[29] and Michael Shifter stated that she was a future presidential contender "who can effectively communicate a vision for a post-Chávez Venezuela that can appeal to enough Chávez supporters".[30] According to the Financial Times, Machado was "dubbed the new face of the opposition ... Even President Hugo Chávez has spoken of confronting her in the 2012 presidential elections."[31]

On 13 January 2012, during the annual State of the Nation Speech delivered by Chávez to the Venezuelan National Assembly, Machado confronted him about shortages of basic goods, crime, and nationalizations of basic industries. She said: "How can you say that you protect private property when you have been expropriating small businesses; expropriating and not paying is stealing."[32] The winner of the 2012 primary to be the opposition candidate against Chávez in the October presidential election was Henrique Capriles Radonski; according to the Associated Press, Machado "conceded defeat before the results were announced, saying she also will actively back Capriles".[33]

National Assembly

[edit]

Candidacy

[edit]
Machado at the 2011 World Economic Forum on Latin America in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

In February 2010, Machado resigned from Súmate[1] and announced her candidacy for the National Assembly of Venezuela.[34] She represented Miranda for the Chacao, Baruta, El Hatillo, and the Parroquia Leoncio Martínez de Sucre municipalities.[34] She was a Justice First (Primero Justicia) party member of the Coalition for Democratic Unity (Mesa de la Unidad Democrática – MUD) in opposition to Chávez's party, the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela – PSUV).[35] In announcing her candidacy, she said Venezuelans were good, decent, and free people who do not want to live with violence or hate; she promised to defend the right for Venezuelans to think freely and live without fear.[36] [37] In April 2010, Machado won the primary election.[38] She campaigned actively in "slums once viewed as solid pro-Chávez territory", attempting to "capitalize on domestic problems, including widespread violent crime, power outages in some regions, a severe housing shortage and 30-percent inflation".[39]

Machado complained that MUD candidates faced "what she called a government-orchestrated propaganda machine that churns out spots ridiculing Chávez's critics, runs talk shows dominated by ruling party hopefuls and picks up all of the president's speeches",[39] and that she had to campaign with less funds as she "struggled to convince supporters and business leaders to contribute to her campaign because they fear reprisals by the government and Chávez-friendly prosecutors".[39] According to The Economist, Venezuela's constitution "prohibits government officials, including the president, from using their position to favour a political tendency. But the electoral authority, whose board comprises four chavistas and a lone oppositionist, says they can do it anyway."[40]

Chávez was accused of breaking campaign laws by using state-run television to "berate rivals and praise friends" during the election campaign; he denied breaking the law, and suggested that the only director of the National Election Council's five directors who is not pro-Chávez and who raised the issue could be prosecuted for making the charges.[41] According to a reporter for the Associated Press, Venezuela's electoral council "has for years ignored laws that bar the president and other elected officials from actively campaigning for candidates. Chavez ... has threatened legal action against Vicente Diaz, the lone member of the electoral council who has criticized his heavy use of state media ahead of the vote."[39] Machado said: "While we are visiting voters, going from house to house, the ruling party's campaign is imposed through televised speeches."[41] When the state-run television channel interviewed Machado, they ran images of her Oval Office meeting in 2005 with George W. Bush, described by an Associated Press reporter as "Chavez's longtime nemesis".[39] She said: "We have a campaign led by the PSUV with a lot of resources that we know are public resources – even when the constitution prohibits it.[39] The PSUV benefitted from frequent cadenas (Chávez speeches that every Venezuelan TV channel are mandated to run), while "the main government channel air[ed] a steady stream of rallies and ads featuring Chavez's red-clad candidates".[39] When Machado was interviewed by the state-run channel, the interview was "abruptly cut off" and "shifted to a campaign rally where Chávez spoke to a theater filled with supporters".[39]

Election

[edit]

Machado won the election to the National Assembly on 25 September 2010, as the highest vote-getter in the nation;[31] she and fellow Justice First Miranda candidate Enrique Mendoza were the "two highest vote-getters nationwide".[29] Machado said the president "made a big mistake by turning the election into a plebiscite on himself ... This is a clear signal that Venezuelans do not want an authoritarian government, a militarized government, a centralized government and a government that wants to turn Venezuela into Cuba ... A new phase begins today, and we've taken a big step toward the day when democratic values, freedom, justice and good governance prevail."[30] She added: "We now have the legitimacy of the citizen vote. We are the representatives of the people."[42] She concluded:

It is very clear. Venezuela said no to Cuban-like communism.[43]

Removal

[edit]

On 21 March 2014, Machado appeared as an alternate envoy at the request of Panama at the Organization of American States (OAS), amid the protests in Venezuela, to speak about the situation in Venezuela.[44] According to The Wall Street Journal, following her appearance at the OAS, "pro-Maduro parliamentarians, who dominate the National Assembly", claimed her appearance at the OAS was prohibited by Venezuela's constitution, and removed her from the National Assembly.[45] Machado responded by accusing Diosdado Cabello (president of the National Assembly) of having a "dictatorship in the National Assembly",[46] and said that her removal from the National Assembly was illegal.[47]

2014 protests and activism

[edit]
Main article: 2014 Venezuelan protests
Leopoldo López and María Corina Machado, presenting the La Salida initiative. Juan Guaidó is behind.
Machado and Lilian Tintori at an opposition gathering

Machado was among the leaders of the opposition demonstrations against Nicolás Maduro in the 2014 Venezuelan protests. Venezuela's Congress on 18 March 2014 requested a criminal investigation of Machado for crimes including treason for her involvement in the anti-government protests.[48][49] Machado responded to the accusations saying: "In a dictatorship, the weaker the regime is, the greater the repression."[50] After her removal on 21 March 2014, Machado, along with supporters, began a march on 1 April 2014 toward downtown Caracas protesting against Machado's expulsion, where Machado attempted to return to her seat in the National Assembly. The demonstrators were prevented from leaving by the National Guard, which dispersed them with tear gas.[51]

In May 2014, Venezuelan government official Jorge Rodríguez presented allegations of a plot by opposition politicians and officials, including Machado, to overthrow the Maduro's government. The evidence provided by the Venezuelan government were alleged emails through Google that were addressed to others from both Machado and Pedro Mario Burelli [es].[52] Burelli responded that the emails were falsified by the Bolivarian Intelligence Service (SEBIN), showing what he said were the original emails.[53][54] In June 2014, Venezuela's attorney general Luisa Ortega Díaz subpoenaed Machado along with Burelli, Diego Arria, and Ricardo Koesling.[55] By 11 June 2014, arrest warrants were issued.[56] Burelli hired Kivu, a U.S.-based cybersecurity company, to analyze the alleged emails.[57] Kivu concluded that there was "no evidence of the existence of any emails between Pedro Burelli's Google email accounts and the alleged recipients", that the alleged emails presented by the Venezuelan government had "many indications of user manipulation" and that "Venezuelan officials used forged emails to accuse government adversaries of plotting to kill President Nicolas Maduro".[58][59][60]

In November 2014, government officials announced that Machado was to be formally charged on 3 December 2014.[45][61] Machado and others stated that the accusations were false and were created by the Venezuelan government to deflect attention from Venezuela's economic problems and polls showing Maduro's approval rating at a record low of 30%.[45]

Between 2014 and 2021, Machado worked as a broadcaster on the radio station Radio Caracas Radio, where she hosted a talk show and political analysis program called Contigo: Con María Corina Machado, broadcast on Tuesdays from 1 to 2 pm.[62][63][64]

Later political career

[edit]

On 1 February 2019, Machado announced her intent to run for president if Juan Guaidó calls elections, owing to the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis.[65][66] For the next Venezuelan presidential election, Machado was recognized as a front-running opposition candidate.[67] In an interview discussing the election, Machado insisted that she was not interested in the opposition primary and said that "my goal is to get Maduro out and be able to defeat the regime using all the force."[68] She argued: "There are only two options here, ... We win with a huge majority or Maduro steals the election."[69] According to head of the Delphos pollster Félix Seijas, "[t]he opposition as it existed is no longer, and that opens the door for her to capture support beyond her radical base", while explaining her expanded support.[70] On 30 June 2023, she was reportedly disqualified from holding office for 15 years by the government due to her leadership in anti-government protests.[71]

2023 presidential primary elections

[edit]

On 14 August 2022, Machado confirmed her participation in the 2023 Unitary Platform presidential primaries.[72] During the primaries, Machado positioned herself against the technical assistance of the National Electoral Council (CNE) in the election, alleging that CNE is part of a "criminal system. In the same way, she defended the return to manual voting. On 15 March 2023, she officially began her campaign tour of the country, in the State of Mérida.[73] During her pre-campaign, Machado maintained criticism towards the traditional opposition leadership, mainly the Democratic Action, Justice First, A New Era, and Popular Will parties.[74] She also made it clear that she was willing to negotiate an exit from Chavismo to achieve a transition.[75]

On 30 June 2023, she was disqualified for fifteen years by the Comptroller General of Venezuela, after a request from the politician José Brito. The comptroller linked her to alleged crimes by Juan Guaidó and accused her of supporting sanctions during the Venezuelan crisis.[8][76][77] Analysts determined that the accusation of having participated in the interim was incoherent, taking into account that she was not a member of the 2015 opposition National Assembly (being prevented by a disqualification from the Comptroller's Office), in addition to never having been appointed in any position in Guaidó's interim government.[78] Organizations like the United Nations, the Organization of American States, and the European Union, as well as countries such as Colombia, Paraguay, Uruguay, Ecuador, United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Chile, Canada, and France, rejected the disqualification of Machado.[79][80] The European Union Parliament called the ban "arbitrary and politically fabricated", and the Associated Press stated the banning opposing politicians from elections is a frequent tactic used by the government.[28]

On 26 October 2023, after winning the primary elections, the National Primary Commission proclaimed Machado as the unitary presidential candidate of the opposition.[10]

Machado's 15-year disqualification was confirmed by the Supreme Court of Justice of Venezuela in January 2024. The court said the disqualification was "for being involved... in the corruption plot orchestrated by the usurper Juan Guaido", which had led to a "criminal blockade of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, as well as the shameless dispossession of the companies and wealth of the Venezuelan people abroad, with the complicity of corrupt governments".[9]

Machado named Corina Yoris as her alternate.[81] Yoris was unable to register as a candidate and named Edmundo González Urrutia as her temporary replacement.[82]

2024 presidential election

[edit]
Further information: 2024 Venezuelan presidential election and 2024 Venezuelan political crisis

Even though Machado is not the presidential candidate, she has remained the leader of the opposition to Chavismo during the electoral process.[83][84] The majority support that candidate Edmundo González receives in various polls is due to the boost given to him by the Machado support.[85][86][87]

Regarding the role that Machado will play in a hypothetical González Urrutia government, The Telegraph comments "Should the opposition win, Ms Machado is widely expected to be the de facto leader of a government formally led by Mr González".[88] The newspaper also compared the massive popular movement around Machado, with the rise of Hugo Chávez to the presidency in 1998, in terms of the "fervor" it generates in citizens, both in a context of political crisis and decadence of the system.[88]

On July 4, González and Machado officially began the electoral campaign along with other opposition leaders.[89] The event, which was planned to be a caravan from Chacaíto to El Marqués, became a march with the attendance of dozens of thousands of people.[90][91]

The New York Times, referring to Machado, described her as "an energetic former legislator whose central message is the promise of bringing Venezuelans home by restoring democracy and getting the economy going again".[92]

Following the Venezuelan government's announcements of falsified election results, a national and international political crisis developed.[93] On 1 August, Machado published a letter in The Wall Street Journal, stating that she had gone in to hiding "fearing for my life, my freedom, and that of my fellow countrymen from the dictatorship of Nicolás Maduro"; in the letter, she laid out the evidence she said she had from the vote tallies supporting PUD's win, and stated that Maduro had expelled witnesses from the polls, while the witnesses "protected the voter receipts with their lives throughout the night" of the elections.[11]

Political views

[edit]

Machado is anti-chavismo and has disagreed with other sections of the Venezuelan opposition.[94][95][96] In 2011, she campaigned as a promotor of "popular capitalism".[96] Machado supports the privatization of state-run entities in Venezuela, including oil company PDVSA.[69][95] Machado has supported the international sanctions during the Venezuelan crisis,[69] and has advocated for foreign intervention to remove Maduro on humanitarian grounds.[97][98] In 2023, she ran as a candidate in the opposition presidential primaries.[99][100] The Maduro administration subsequently barred her from running.[101] She subsequently became the main driving force for the main opposition candidate, Edmundo González, who was allowed to compete by the Maduro regime.[5]

Her party is described as centrist liberal.[96] Machado has been described as a radical and a right-wing politician by some media outlets.[67][94][95]

Domestically, Machado has called for the banning of reelection to political offices in Venezuela, is in favor of same-sex marriage in Venezuela, supports the legalization of medical cannabis, and has called on a national debate regarding the legality of abortion.[102]

In a 2024 interview Machado talked of making education available for all Venezuelans, and of reforming the Venezuelan judiciary.[103]

Target of violence

[edit]

Described as a Lady of Steel,[96] or Iron Lady, The New York Times states that supporters see her as "courageous for staying in Venezuela when many other politicians have fled".[104]

While attending the bicentennial celebration of Venezuela's Declaration of Independence on 5 July 2011, following controversial comments made earlier by Machado about Venezuela's dependency on Cuba and not being independent, Machado was attacked by an angry group of Venezuelan government supporters.[105][106][107] The group of about 50 threw stones and bottles at her;[105][106] authorities defended her, and one officer was injured, as Machado was evacuated from the area by a police motorbike.[105][106] Machado later thanked the authorities for defending her and apologized for any of their injuries.[106]

During Machado's presidential race in 2011, she and her companions were attacked on 16 October by a small group of the Motorized Front of the PSUV while in Turmero,[108][109] injuring Machado and two others.[110] The group attacked them with kicks, punches and objects while saying "this is chavista territory, no political opposition enters here".[108][109]

On 30 April 2013, cameras covering the National Assembly were turned to the ceiling and opposition members stated they were attacked and assaulted [es] in an "ambush by supporters of President Nicolas Maduro's government". Machado was injured, along with other legislators in the National Assembly, saying she was attacked from behind, hit in the face and kicked while on the floor which left her with a broken nose. Machado said the brawl "was a premeditated, cowardly, vile, aggression". Maduro responded to the situation by saying: "What happened today in the National Assembly, we do not agree with violence. They tell us and we knew that the opposition was coming to provoke violence." No disciplinary actions was taken against any of the attackers after the incident.[111][112][113]

At a rally on 16 November 2013 showing support for the opposition party during municipal elections, Machado and other politicians were attacked by government supporters,[114][115] with stones and fireworks.[115]

After leading protests in Bolivar state on 14 March 2014, Machado, the Bishop of Ciudad Guayana, Mariano Parra, and other citizens in the area were attacked at the Puerto Ordaz airport.[116][117][118] The National Guard intervened to disperse the attack.[117]

While heading to a meeting in Caricuao on 30 July 2014, members of colectivos attacked Machado.[119][120] The vehicle Machado was traveling in was heavily damaged, with the body and windows of the vehicle being struck with gun handles, sticks and stones.[119] Machado escaped and was then moved to the assembly place while colectivos followed breaking down the door where they then left the scene after confrontations with residents protecting Machado.[119]

Awards and recognition

[edit]
Machado in a forum with Center for Strategic and International Studies

In May 2005, the then U.S. president George W. Bush welcomed Machado to the Oval Office.[121] After meeting with Machado and discussing Súmate's "efforts to safeguard the integrity and transparency of Venezuela's electoral process", a White House spokesperson said, "[t]he President expressed his concerns about efforts to harass and intimidate Súmate and its leadership".[122] Machado was hailed by National Review in 2006 as "the best of womankind and the difficult times many women face around the globe" on a list of Women the World Should Know for International Women's Day.[123]

In 2009, Machado was chosen out of 900 applicants as one of 15 accepted to the Yale World Fellows Program. The Yale University program "aim[s] to build a global network of emerging leaders and to broaden international understanding worldwide. ... 'Each of the 2009 Yale World Fellows has demonstrated an outstanding record of accomplishment and unlimited potential for future success,' said Program Director Michael Cappello." The Yale World Fellows Program press release said:

Machado devotes herself to defending democratic institutions and civil liberties through SUMATE, the nation's leading watchdog for electoral transparency.[124]

Machado would later graduate from the program.[13]

Awards and honors

[edit]

Machado was awarded the 2024 Václav Havel Human Rights Prize by the Council of Europe.[125] She was one of three finalists along with Akif Gurbanov and Babutsa Pataraia.[126] Along with Edmundo González, she was awarded the Sakharov Prize on 24 October 2024.[127]

In 2019, Machado received the Prize for Freedom from Liberal International.[128] She was awarded the Cádiz Cortes Ibero-American Freedom Prize in 2015 for "unblemished defense of freedom in your community and minimum requirements of the realization of human rights in the same, which has led them to be subject to public rebuke of their government, including the flagrant situation of imprisonment or the cutting of your minimal civil rights".[129][130] Machado was chosen in 2009 out of more than 900 applicants as one of 15 accepted to the Yale World Fellows program,[131] described as someone who "devotes herself to defending democratic institutions and civil liberties".[130]

In 2018, Machado was named one of the BBC's 100 Most Influential Women.[4] She was described as a "reluctant heroine" in 2006 by National Review on a list of Women the World Should Know for International Women's Day as "the best of womankind and the difficult times many women face around the globe".[132]

Nobel Peace Prize nomination

[edit]

The Inspira América Foundation joined with the rectors of four universities on 16 August 2024 to promote the nomination of Machado for the Nobel Peace Prize, to be awarded in October 2025, highlighting her "tireless fight for peace in Venezuela and the world" as "a fair recognition of a person who has dedicated almost her entire life to the fight for peace and the liberation" of Venezuela.[133][134] Legislators from the US state of Florida Marco Rubio, Rick Scott, María Elvira Salazar and Mario Díaz-Balart submitted a letter in support of the nomination on 26 August, stating that her "courageous and selfless leadership, and unyielding dedication to the pursuit of peace and democratic ideals" have been "instrumental in mobilizing both domestic and international support for a peaceful resolution to the ongoing electoral fraud crisis" along with her advocacy to "bring attention to the human rights abuses occurring under the current regime embody the very principles that the Nobel Peace Prize seeks to honor."[135][136]

Personal life

[edit]

Machado is divorced and has three children;[13] her children live abroad as Machado says their lives have been threatened.[137]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Comunicado de Súmate sobre renuncia de María Corina Machado" [Statement from Súmate regarding the resignation of María Corina Machado]. El Universal (in Spanish). 12 February 2010. Archived from the original on 29 September 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2023..
  2. ^ a b c d Boustany, Nora (9 July 2004). "Signing On To Challenge Hugo Chavez". The Washington Post. p. A.15. ProQuest 409713725.
  3. ^ a b de la Rosa, Alicia (11 July 2011). "Diputada Machado anunciará su precandidatura el próximo domingo" [Deputy Machado will announce her pre-candidacy next Sunday]. El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 12 July 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  4. ^ a b "BBC 100 Women 2018: Who is on the list?". BBC News. 19 November 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
  5. ^ a b c Turkewitz, Julie; Herrera, Isayen; Fernandez, Adriana Loureiro (24 July 2024). "The 'Iron Lady' of Venezuela Threatens to Unseat Its Autocrat". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
  6. ^ Kurmanaev, Anatoly (23 December 2014). "Venezuela Protests Drive Poor to Maduro as Death Toll Mounts". Business Week. Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  7. ^ Regan, Trish (2 February 2019). "Venezuela could see its first female president". Fox Business. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  8. ^ a b Armas, Mayela; Sequera, Vivian (30 June 2023). "Venezuela opposition candidate Machado barred from holding office-gov't". Reuters. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  9. ^ a b "Venezuela's Supreme Court disqualifies opposition leader from running for president". Le Monde.fr. AFP. 27 January 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  10. ^ a b Garcia Cano, Regina (26 October 2023). "María Corina Machado is winner of Venezuela opposition primary that the government has denounced". Associated Press. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  11. ^ a b Machado, Maria Corina (1 August 2024). "I Can Prove Maduro Got Trounced". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  12. ^ Machado, María Corina. "Mi experiencia" [My experience] (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 22 March 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
  13. ^ a b c "María Corina" (in Spanish). Vente Venezuela. 14 September 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
  14. ^ a b c d e f Forero, Juan (19 November 2005). "The Saturday Profile; Venezuela's Best-Loved, or Maybe Most-Hated, Citizen". The New York Times. p. A4. ProQuest 93038231. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
  15. ^ "Maria Corina Machado". Yale Jackson School of Public Affairs. 2009. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  16. ^ a b c d O'Grady, Mary A. (10 June 2005). "A Young Defender of Democracy Faces Chávez's Wrath". The Wall Street Journal. p. A9. ProQuest 398979963.
  17. ^ a b "María Corina Machado". El Universal. 24 April 2006. Archived from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  18. ^ "Chavez Calls Watchdog Group a Top Enemy". CBS News. 3 December 2005. Previously at this link[dead link], also available at LexisNexis and archive.wn.com. Accessed 24 February 2010.
  19. ^ "Venezuela: Court Orders Trial of Civil Society Leaders". Human Rights Watch. 7 July 2005. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
  20. ^ "Chávez intends to frighten opposition with NGO Súmate trial, says US spokesman". El Universal. July 2006. Archived from the original on 15 August 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
  21. ^ "Venezuela: Court Orders Trial of Civil Society Leaders". Human Rights Watch. 7 July 2005. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  22. ^ "Democracy Activists in Venezuela Threatened". World Movement for Democracy. 16 July 2004. Archived from the original on 30 March 2006. Retrieved 8 June 2006.
  23. ^ "Súmate Trial Decision". Embassy of the United States, Venezuela. 8 July 2005. Archived from the original on 10 March 2007. Retrieved 18 June 2006.
  24. ^ "International Coalition Expresses Concern for Democracy in Venezuela: Havel, Albright, McCain among signatories of letter to Chavez". National Endowment for Democracy. 11 November 2004. Archived from the original on 10 March 2005. Retrieved 15 August 2006.
  25. ^ "Lawmakers fail to interrogate Súmate directors". El Universal. 1 August 2006. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
  26. ^ a b Ceaser, Mike (5 July 2005). "Anti-Chávez leader under fire". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  27. ^ A Decade Under Chávez: Political Intolerance and Lost Opportunities for Advancing Human Rights in Venezuela (PDF). Human Rights Watch. September 2008. p. 218. Retrieved 24 January 2010.
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Further reading

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